How many meals a day did Romans eat?

Roman Dietary Habits: A Structured Approach to Eating

The ancient Romans adhered to a regimented eating pattern that played a significant role in their daily lives. This pattern consisted of three distinct meals that reflected the social and cultural norms of their society.

Morning Repast: The Ientaculum

The Romans began their day with a light breakfast known as the ientaculum. This meal typically consisted of simple fare such as bread, fruit, cheese, or yogurt. The ientaculum was designed to provide a quick and convenient way to break their overnight fast and prepare for the day ahead.

Midday Meal: The Cena

The cena was the most substantial meal of the day for the Romans. It was typically eaten around noon and consisted of a variety of dishes. The cena often began with appetizers, followed by a main course featuring meat, fish, or vegetables. Bread was a staple accompaniment, and desserts were sometimes served. The cena provided the Romans with the necessary energy to engage in their afternoon activities.

Evening Meal: The Vesperna

To conclude their culinary day, the Romans consumed a smaller evening meal called the vesperna. This meal was lighter than the cena and typically consisted of leftovers from the midday meal or simple dishes such as soups, salads, or bread. The vesperna served as a way to wind down the day and prepare for sleep.

Societal Norms

The Roman eating pattern reflected the societal norms of the time. Breakfast was a relatively quick and informal meal, as most Romans began their work or other activities early in the morning. The cena, on the other hand, was a more social event that allowed families and friends to gather and enjoy a meal together. The vesperna was a private and relaxed affair that marked the end of the day.

In conclusion, the Romans followed a structured eating pattern that consisted of a light morning repast, a substantial midday meal, and a smaller evening meal. This pattern reflected the social and cultural norms of their society and provided them with the necessary sustenance to carry out their daily tasks.